Impact of GDP growth on the ecological footprint: Theoretical and empirical evidence from Saudi Arabia

This study aims to examine the hypothesis of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) within context Saudi Arabia from 1981 2017. The ARDL approach is employed estimate relationship between ecological footprint, energy consumption, trade openness, and GDP per capita. findings confirm that capita, consumption positively impact reveal presence a feedback capita consumption. results demonstrate empirical validity EKC, indicating an inverted U-shaped footprint. Consequently, as Arabia's level economic growth advances, its conditions tend improve. To further reduce urged substantially increase utilization renewable sources implement more efficient policy.